CONTENTS:-
1.Manual testing.
2.Common manual testing techniques.
3.Test case design techniques.
4.The Future of manual testing in the age of AI.
What is Manual Testing?
manual testing is a process where the application or software is manually tested by a tester without any automation tools.
Common Manual Testing Techniques:-
White Box Testing:-
~White box testing is a software testing techniques where it will test the internal functions,design and code of the software.
~White box testing is called as Glass Box or Clear Box testing.
~For doing white box testing the tester should have coding knowledge and access to the code.
~White box testing is mostly done by software developers.
Black Box Testing:-
~Black box testing is a software testing where the tester test the software as a user would by inserting the inputs and see whether output is generating as it should be.
~For black box testing the coding knowledge is not manditory and there is no access to the internal code available.
~Black box testing is done to check the functional and non-functionals are working as it should be.
Based on the purpose the black box testing divided into two types:
1.Functional testing:-
Functional testing will check the systems workflow.
*In functional testing there are
1.Unit testing
2.Sanity testing
3.Smoke testing
4.Integration testing
5.System testing
6.Regerssion testing
7.User Acceptance testing(UAT)
8.Retesting
9.explotatry testing
10.ad-hoc testing
11.compatability testing
2.Non-Functional testing:-
Non-Functional testing will check the how the system behaves.
*In Non-Functional testing there are
1.usability testing
2.performance testing
3.security testing
4.compatability testing
5.localization testing
6.accessibility testing
7.load testing
8.stress testing
9.endurance testing
10.volume testing
Grey Box Testing:-
~Grey box testing is a combination of both white box testing and black box testing where the tester has partial knowledge of code and internal funtional knowledge of the system.
Test Case Design Techniques:-
1.Equivalence Partitioning(EP)
2.Boundary Value Analysis(BVA)
3.Decision Table Testing
4.State Transition Testing
5.Error Guessing
Let’s see some of the test case design techniques:-
Equivalence Partitioning(EP):-
Equivalence partitioning is a test technique where it divides the input range values into partitions so that only one value can be tested in each partition.this partitions is called equivalence class.
Types of Equivalence Class:-
Class type
1.valid input – input that should accept by the system
2.invalid input – input that should reject by the system
Let’s check this technique with a real time example:-
Here,we have to test the Age field,
Here the valid input is (18-56) and the invalid input is (<=17 & >=57).
~we have one valid class-(18-56)-pick any input in between 18 to 56 to test data.
~we have two invalid class.
~invalid class 1-(<=17) and invalid class 2-(>=57)-pick any input less than or equal to test the data and pick any input greater than to test the data.
Boundary Value Analysis(BVA):-
Boundary value analysis is a test technique where it used to check the boundary values or edge values of the given input data because most ofently defects occurs on the edges of the input value ranges.
Let’s check this technique with a real time example:-
Here,we have to test a text feild,
minimum boundary value is 6 and maximum boundary value is 12.
~By using the boundary value analysis on this boundary values we have
~valid text length = 6,7,11,12
~invalid minimum boundary edge value = 5
~invalid maximum boundary edge value = 13
Decision Table Testing:-
Decision table testing is a test techniques where it used to check multiple conditions and actions based on rules and logic.
Decision table is also called as cause-effect table.
Let’s check this technique with a real time example:-
Here,we have to test login feild,
Conditions:-
is the username is valid?(yes/no).
*is the password is valid?(yes/no).
**Action:-*
*if the condition is valid allow login.
*if the condition is invalid access denied.
Decision table:-
*By using decision table testing now we have 4 test case for all the conditions and corresponding actions for all scenarios.
The Future of manual testing in the age of AI.
In recent times AI is evolving superfast,so people thinks the AI will make everything obsolete including manual testing.But in reality the manual testing is also evolving because AI can do things with the knowledge of past discoveries and mistakes we make and missed,but it cannot match the human judgment,critical thinking and exploratory insight we possess.
What AI is doing in testing:-
We are using AI aumating test cases from requirements or code and where the defects are likely to occur in the code stuff like that.
What AI doesn’t understand?
Insimple words it will never understand the human emotions and behaviour, bussiness nuances.
CONCLUSION:-
so finally we come to a conclusion that the uprising of AI will not affect the manual testing infact by collabrating Manaul + AI we can boost the manual testing speed and production quality.