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How to List Users in Linux

Have you ever wanted to list all users in your Linux system or to count the number of users in the system? There are commands to...

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How to Install Go on CentOS 7

In this tutorial we will show you how to download and install Go on CentOS 7. Go is a modern open-source programming language created by Google.

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How to Install Git on Ubuntu 18.04

This tutorial will guide you through the steps required to install Git on Ubuntu 18.04. Git is a de-facto standard for a distributed version control system...

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Rsync Command in Linux with Examples

rsync is a fast and versatile command-line utility for synchronizing files and directories between two locations over a remote shell, or from/to a remote Rsync daemon.

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Linux Shutdown Command

In this tutorial, we will show you how to use the shutdown command through practical examples and detailed explanations of the most common shutdown options. The...

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How to Install PHP on Ubuntu 18.04

In this tutorial we will cover the steps necessary to install the distro’s default PHP 7.2 on Ubuntu 18.04. We’ll also show you how to install...

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How to Install VirtualBox on Ubuntu 18.04

In this tutorial we’ll show you how to install VirtualBox on an Ubuntu 18.04 machine. VirtualBox is an open-source cross-platform virtualization software which allows you to...

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How to Change User Password in Linux

In this guide we’ll explain how to change a user password in Linux. The instructions should work on any Linux distribution, including Ubuntu, Debian, and CentOS.

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Attention? Attention!

[Updated on 2018-10-28: Add Pointer Network and the link to my implementation of Transformer.] [Updated on 2018-11-06: Add a link to the implementation of Transformer model.]...

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How To Create a Sudo User on Debian

The sudo command (short for Super-user do) is a program designed to allow users to execute commands with the security privileges of another user, by default...

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How to Install Pip on Debian 9

This tutorial will walk you through installing Python Pip on Debian 9 and teach you how to install and manage Python packages with pip. Pip is...

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How to Install MySQL on Ubuntu 18.04

MySQL is the most popular open-source relational database management system. In this tutorial we will show you how to install and secure MySQL on an Ubuntu...

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How to Deploy Rocket.Chat on Ubuntu 18.04

Rocket.Chat is an open-source team communication platform, a self-hosted Slack alternative. Rocket.Chat is a perfect solution for companies and communities that want to host their own...

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How To Use Linux Screen

Screen or GNU Screen, is a terminal multiplexer. In other words, it means that you can a start a screen session and then open any number...

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How to Install Go on Ubuntu 18.04

Go is a modern open-source programming language created by Google. This tutorial will guide you through the steps of downloading and installing Go on an Ubuntu...

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How to Install Python 3 on CentOS 7

This tutorial will guide you through installing Python 3 on a CentOS 7 system using the Software Collections (SCL) along side the distribution default Python version...

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How to Install Pip on CentOS 7

In this tutorial we will walk through how to install Python Pip on CentOS 7 and cover the basics of how to install and manage Python...

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Install MySQL on CentOS 7

With the release of CentOS 7 MySQL, the world’s most popular open-source relational database management system is no longer available in the CentOS’s repositories and MariaDB...

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How to deploy Odoo 11 on Ubuntu 18.04

This guide covers the steps necessary for installing and configuring Odoo for production using Git source and Python virtual environment on an Ubuntu 18.04 system.

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How to Install Nginx on Ubuntu 18.04

This tutorial will outline the steps to install and manage Nginx on your Ubuntu 18.04 machine. Nginx is a free, open-source, high-performance HTTP and reverse proxy...

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How to Install Apache on CentOS 7

Apache HTTP server is the most popular web server in the world. The following instructions describe how to install and manage the Apache web server on...

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Strange and maddening rules

There’s this popular idea among developers that when you face a problem with code, you should get out a rubber duck and explain, to the duck,...

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How to deploy Mattermost on CentOS 7

Mattermost brings all your team communication into one place and provides various features including file sharing, one-on-one and group messaging, custom emojis, video calls and more.

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How to Install Java on Debian 9

In this tutorial, we will walk through installing Java on Debian 9. Java is one of the most popular programming languages used to build different kinds...

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How to Setup Automatic Odoo Backup

In this tutorial we will walk you through the process of creating automatic daily backups of your Odoo databases. Odoo is the most popular open-source ERP...

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A Dusting of Gamification

[This is the second in a series of posts about Stack Overflow. The first one is The Stack Overflow Age.] Around 2010 the success of Stack...

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Policy Gradient Algorithms

[Updated on 2018-06-30: add two new policy gradient methods, SAC and D4PG.] [Updated on 2018-09-30: add a new policy gradient method, TD3.] [Updated on 2019-02-09: add...

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Create a Linux Swap File

Swap is a space on a disk that is used when the amount of physical RAM memory is full. When a Linux system runs out of...

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How to Install Tomcat 8.5 on CentOS 7

This tutorial shows you how to install Tomcat 8.5 on CentOS 7. Tomcat is an open-source implementation of the Java Servlet, JavaServer Pages, Java Expression Language...

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Install Odoo 11 on CentOS 7

Odoo is one of the most popular Open Source ERP Business softwares in the world. This guide covers the steps necessary for installing and configuring Odoo...

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How to Install Java on CentOS 7

This tutorial shows you how to install Java on CentOS 7. Java is one of the most popular programming languages used to build different kinds of...

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Install Magento 2 on CentOS 7

Magento is an e-commerce platform built on open-source technology combining powerful features with flexibility and user friendly interface. In this tutorial, we will walk you through...

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Install PHP 7 on CentOS 7

CentOS 7 ships with PHP version 5.4 which has been officially EOL for quite some time and is no longer supported. In this guide we will...

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Install MariaDB on CentOS 7

MariaDB is an open-source relational database management system, backward compatible, binary drop-in replacement of MySQL. In this tutorial we will show you how to install the...

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How to Install Nginx on CentOS 7

Nginx pronounced ‘engine x’ is a free, open-source, high-performance HTTP and reverse proxy server responsible for handling the load of some of the largest sites on...

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Install and Integrate Rspamd

In this tutorial we will go through the installation and configuration of the Rspamd spam filtering system and its integration into our mail server and creating...

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The Building Blocks of Interpretability

Interpretability techniques are normally studied in isolation. We explore the powerful interfaces that arise when you combine them — and the rich structure of this combinatorial...

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A (Long) Peek into Reinforcement Learning

[Updated on 2020-09-03: Updated the algorithm of SARSA and Q-learning so that the difference is more pronounced. [Updated on 2021-09-19: Thanks to 爱吃猫的鱼, we have this...

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How to Install Nginx on Ubuntu 16.04

In this tutorial, we’ll discuss how to install and manage Nginx on Ubuntu 16.04 systems. Nginx pronounced engine x is a free, open-source, high-performance HTTP and...

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To Serve Man, with Software

I didn’t choose to be a programmer. Somehow, it seemed, the computers chose me. For a long time, that was fine, that was enough; that was all...

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Computer latency: 1977-2017

I’ve had this nagging feeling that the computers I use today feel slower than the computers I used as a kid. As a rule, I don’t...

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Sequence Modeling with CTC

A visual guide to Connectionist Temporal Classification, an algorithm used to train deep neural networks in speech recognition, handwriting recognition and other sequence problems.

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UI backwards compatibility

About once a month, an app that I regularly use will change its UI in a way that breaks muscle memory, basically tricking the user into...

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Filesystem error handling

We’re going to reproduce some results from papers on filesystem robustness that were written up roughly a decade ago: Prabhakaran et al. SOSP 05 paper, which...

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Keyboard latency

If you look at “gaming” keyboards, a lot of them sell for $100 or more on the promise that they’re fast. Ad copy that you’ll see...

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Learning Word Embedding

Human vocabulary comes in free text. In order to make a machine learning model understand and process the natural language, we need to transform the free-text...

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Branch prediction

This is a pseudo-transcript for a talk on branch prediction given at Two Sigma on 8/22/2017 to kick off “localhost”, a talk series organized by RC....

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From GAN to WGAN

[Updated on 2018-09-30: thanks to Yoonju, we have this post translated in Korean!] [Updated on 2019-04-18: this post is also available on arXiv.] Generative adversarial network...

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Sattolo’s algorithm

I recently had a problem where part of the solution was to do a series of pointer accesses that would walk around a chunk of memory...

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Terminal latency

There’s a great MSR demo from 2012 that shows the effect of latency on the experience of using a tablet. If you don’t want to watch...

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Startup options v. cash

I often talk to startups that claim that their compensation package has a higher expected value than the equivalent package at a place like Facebook, Google,...

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Why Momentum Really Works

We often think of optimization with momentum as a ball rolling down a hill. This isn’t wrong, but there is much more to the story.

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Research Debt

Science is a human activity. When we fail to distill and explain research, we accumulate a kind of debt…

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Contact Linuxize

Need to contact Linuxize? This is the place. There are a bunch of ways to reach us, so pick the one that works best for you.

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HN: the good parts

HN comments are terrible. On any topic I’m informed about, the vast majority of comments are pretty clearly wrong. Most of the time, there are zero...

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Hiring and the market for lemons

Joel Spolsky has a classic blog post on “Finding Great Developers” where he popularized the meme that great developers are impossible to find, a corollary of...

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I could do that in a weekend!

I can’t think of a single large software company that doesn’t regularly draw internet comments of the form “What do all the employees do? I could...

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Is dev compensation bimodal?

Developer compensation has skyrocketed since the demise of the Google et al. wage-suppressing no-hire agreement, to the point where compensation rivals and maybe even exceeds compensation...

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How I learned to program

Tavish Armstrong has a great document where he describes how and when he learned the programming skills he has. I like this idea because I’ve found...

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A Survival Guide to a PhD

This guide is patterned after my “Doing well in your courses”, a post I wrote a long time ago on some of the tips/tricks I’ve developed...

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Notes on concurrency bugs

Do concurrency bugs matter? From the literature, we know that most reported bugs in distributed systems have really simple causes and can be caught by trivial...

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Google SRE book

The book starts with a story about a time Margaret Hamilton brought her young daughter with her to NASA, back in the days of the Apollo...

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We only hire the trendiest

An acquaintance of mine, let’s call him Mike, is looking for work after getting laid off from a contract role at Microsoft, which has happened to...

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su3su2u1 physics tumblr archive

These are archived from the now defunct su3su2u1 tumblr. A Roundabout Approach to Quantum Mechanics This will be the first post in what I hope will...

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Sampling v. tracing

Perf is probably the most widely used general purpose performance debugging tool on Linux. There are multiple contenders for the #2 spot, and, like perf, they’re...

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Normalization of deviance

Have you ever mentioned something that seems totally normal to you only to be greeted by surprise? Happens to me all the time when I describe...

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Big companies v. startups

There’s a meme that’s been going around for a while now: you should join a startup because the money is better and the work is more...

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Files are hard

I haven’t used a desktop email client in years. None of them could handle the volume of email I get without at least occasionally corrupting my...

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Why use ECC?

Jeff Atwood, perhaps the most widely read programming blogger, has a post that makes a case against using ECC memory. My read is that his major...

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Infinite disk

Hardware performance “obviously” affects software performance and affects how software is optimized. For example, the fact that caches are multiple orders of magnitude faster than RAM...

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Why Intel added cache partitioning

Typical server utilization is between 10% and 50%. Google has demonstrated 90% utilization without impacting latency SLAs. Xkcd estimated that Google owns 2 million machines. If...

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Slowlock

Every once in awhile, you hear a story like “there was a case of a 1-Gbps NIC card on a machine that suddenly was transmitting only...

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Visual Information Theory

I love the feeling of having a new way to think about the world. I especially love when there’s some vague idea that gets formalized into...

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Steve Yegge’s prediction record

I try to avoid making predictions1. It’s a no-win proposition: if you’re right, hindsight bias makes it look like you’re pointing out the obvious. And most...

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Understanding LSTM Networks

Humans don’t start their thinking from scratch every second. As you read this essay, you understand each word based on your understanding of previous words. You...

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Reading postmortems

I love reading postmortems. They’re educational, but unlike most educational docs, they tell an entertaining story. I’ve spent a decent chunk of time reading postmortems at...

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Slashdot and Sourceforge

If you’ve followed any tech news aggregator in the past week (the week of the 24th of May, 2015), you’ve probably seen the story about how...

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The googlebot monopoly

TIL that Bell Labs and a whole lot of other websites block archive.org, not to mention most search engines. Turns out I have a broken website...

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A defense of boring languages

Boring languages are underrated. Many appear to be rated quite highly, at least if you look at market share. But even so, they’re underrated. Despite the...

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Advantages of monorepos

Here’s a conversation I keep having: Someone: Did you hear that Facebook/Google uses a giant monorepo? WTF! Me: Yeah! It’s really convenient, don’t you think? Someone:...

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CPU backdoors

It’s generally accepted that any piece of software could be compromised with a backdoor. Prominent examples include the Sony/BMG installer, which had a backdoor built-in to...

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Blog monetization

Does it make sense for me to run ads on my blog? I’ve been thinking about this lately, since Carbon Ads contacted me about putting an...

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A review of the Julia language

Here’s a language that gives near-C performance that feels like Python or Ruby with optional type annotations (that you can feed to one of two static...

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Integer overflow checking cost

How much overhead should we expect from enabling integer overflow checks? Using a compiler flag or built-in intrinsics, we should be able to do the check...

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Malloc tutorial

Let’s write a malloc and see how it works with existing programs! This is basically an expanded explanation of what I did after reading this tutorial...

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TF-IDF linux commits

I was curious what different people worked on in Linux, so I tried grabbing data from the current git repository to see if I could pull...

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One week of bugs

If I had to guess, I’d say I probably work around hundreds of bugs in an average week, and thousands in a bad week. It’s not...

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Speeding up this site by 50x

I’ve seen all these studies that show how a 100ms improvement in page load time has a significant effect on page views, conversion rate, etc., but...

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How often is the build broken?

I’ve noticed that builds are broken and tests fail a lot more often on open source projects than on “work” projects. I wasn’t sure how much...

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CLWB and PCOMMIT

The latest version of the Intel manual has a couple of new instructions for non-volatile storage, like SSDs. What’s that about? Before we look at the...

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Testing v. informal reasoning

This is an off-the-cuff comment for Hacker School’s Paper of the Week Read Along series for Out of the Tar Pit. I find the idea itself,...

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Caches: LRU v. random

Once upon a time, my computer architecture professor mentioned that using a random eviction policy for caches really isn’t so bad. That random eviction isn’t bad...

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Assembly v. intrinsics

Every once in a while, I hear how intrinsics have improved enough that it’s safe to use them for high performance code. That would be nice....

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Data-driven bug finding

I can’t remember the last time I went a whole day without running into a software bug. For weeks, I couldn’t invite anyone to Facebook events...

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Editing binaries

Editing binaries is a trick that comes in handy a few times a year. You don’t often need to, but when you do, there’s no alternative....

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That bogus gender gap article

Last week, Quartz published an article titled “There is no gender gap in tech salaries”. That resulted in linkbait copycat posts all over the internet, from...

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Why don’t schools teach debugging?

In the fall of 2000, I took my first engineering class: ECE 352, an entry-level digital design class for first-year computer engineers. It was standing room...

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Do programmers need math?

Dear David, I’m afraid my off the cuff response the other day wasn’t too well thought out; when you talked about taking calc III and linear...

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Data alignment and caches

Here’s the graph of a toy benchmark1 of page-aligned vs. mis-aligned accesses; it shows a ratio of performance between the two at different working set sizes....

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PCA is not a panacea

Earlier this year, I interviewed with a well-known tech startup, one of the hundreds of companies that claims to have harder interviews, more challenging work, and...

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Why hardware development is hard

In CPU design, most successful teams have a fairly long lineage and rely heavily on experienced engineers. When we look at CPU startups, teams that have...

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Randomize HN

You ever notice that there’s this funny threshold for getting to the front page on sites like HN? The exact threshold varies depending on how much...

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Writing safe Verilog

Troll? That’s how people write Verilog1. At my old company, we had a team of formal methods PhD’s who wrote a linter that typechecked our code,...

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Verilog is weird

Verilog is the most commonly used language for hardware design in America (VHDL is more common in Europe). Too bad it’s so baroque. If you ever...

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About danluu.com

About The Blog This started out as a way to jot down thoughts on areas that seem interesting but underappreciated. Since then, this site has grown...

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Work-life balance at Bioware

This is an archive of some posts in a forum thread titled “Beware of Bioware” in a now defunct forum, with comments from that forum as...

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History of Symbolics lisp machines

This is an archive of Dan Weinreb’s comments on Symbolics and Lisp machines. Rebuttal to Stallman’s Story About The Formation of Symbolics and LMI Richard Stallman...

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